I've been reading with interest many of the posts from different blogs concerning the definitions of conservatism, libertarianism, and liberalism, and I thought I would throw in my two cents, adjusted for inflation of course. Let's start with conservatism.
What Is Conservatism and What Is Wrong with It?, which was written by Philip E. Agre in August 2004 (and referenced to me by
Avedon) makes some very good points, though it's a bit long-winded. Let me try to summarize what he wrote:
Conservatism is a political ideology by which a small minority rules over everyone else, and the only purpose of government is to protect, perpetuate, and/or increase the power of the ones in charge (the
ruling class, for want of a better term), regardless of how it effects everyone else. The specifics of how this is accomplished vary greatly and it makes no difference whether you're talking about fascism, communism or a monarchy; the end result is always the same. It's primary philosophy is simple:
Some people are better than others, and it has been the predominate ideology of all human societies since the beginning of civilization, even those who claim to be democratic in nature. The Athenians, pre-Empire Romans, and Americans, while freer than many purely conservative societies, still had a ruling elite who strove to protect their own positions in the society. And with the exception of better technology, most people today lead lives that are not very different from the lives of most of the people who lived in Athens and Rome: a day-to-day existence that rests on a very fragile foundation.
Distribution of wealth and power is the key element in determining how conservative a state is: the more wealth and power is concentrated to the fewest people, the more conservative the state. The ruling class wants those below them to truly believe in the superiority of their rulers, this helps them perpetuate their control over generations, passing their power down to their children. Some of these societies even allow a few of the underclass to rise so that the rest can feel that one day maybe they, too, can be a part of the ruling class. In this way they turn people against each other. As I wrote previously, Upton Sinclair claimed that
it's impossible to get someone to believe something when their livelihood depends on them not believing it, conservatives work to build societies where everyone's livelihoods depend on the good will of the ruling class. It works very well.
I don't want to give the impression that I think all conservative institutions are purely evil, or that the ruling class acts
only in their own self-interest and with disdain towards everyone else. There have been Kings, Queens and other rulers who have ruled justly, and other leaders who held great power who tried to make the lives of their subjects better. But no matter how benign the rulers, the bottom line for conservative societies is the protection, survival, and perpetuity of the ruling class regardless of the consequences. When push comes to shove, they will use any means necessary to accomplish those ends; including and especially mass-murder even of their own subjects. Anyone who fails to appreciate that winds up being too dead to be free.
"Libertarian" or "objectivist" societies no longer exist in pure form in human societies. What libertarians and objectivists fail to realize is that the more complex the society is, the more the need for cooperation. Cheetahs, individual hunters who live day-to-day by their strength and wits, are pure libertarians. Lions, hyenas, dolphins, and early humans are all social animals who build communities that work together to hunt and scavenge (or, in the case of herd animals, for their own protection). They're more evolved than the individualist cheetahs, but are still libertarian in the sense that they rely solely on their own prowess as hunters/gatherers for their survival. In human societies, as long as the level of technology as well as the overall population remains very low, this lifestyle is quite possible, assuming that succeeding generations will be as willing to perpetuate it. Being master of your own domain, as it were, is damned hard work.
For humans, libertarianism ended with the invention of the plow several thousand years ago, and with the level of organization it required to grow enough food to support everyone, not just those involved in the agricultural process. In other words, with the coming of civilization. Modern libertarian societies, therefore, are purely fantasy. They are not self-sufficient, and can only exist within the framework of an already existing political/physical infrastructure. Libertarians, believing as they do in the superiority of the individual: the idea that the individual alone is responsible for his or her success, and borrowing from conservatives the idea that some are better than others, live in denial of the fact that they are only free to do what they do because modern societies provide for them both the political infrastructure that protects their freedoms and the high level of technology you can only get through the combined efforts of people who have the time to invent and engineer a better way of life. Every item that makes our lives easier, from running water, to building tools, to generating electricity, etc., came about through a complex and often chaotic series of events and the result of a lot of hard work by a lot of people.
This doesn't mean to say that there aren't great individuals who are more intelligent and talented than others. Edison, as the best example, made many of his inventions based on the works of others before him, but he was smart enough to know how to bring them all together. People like Archimedes, DaVinci, Copernicus, Galileo, Newton, Einstein: all accomplished things that are far beyond anything we mere mortals could achieve, and we've all benefited from their genius. But they in kind benefited from the societies they lived in, societies where the basic necessities of life were already there for them. Some of these great people understood this. Many libertarians do not, and unlike the conservatives who at least
create societies (even if they only benefit a few people), libertarians foolishly work to
destroy the social structure they depend on.
Liberalism is conservatism's exact opposite. Whereas conservatives believe in the superiority of the ruling class, the accumulation of power and money into fewer hands, and that governments exist only to protect those interests, liberals believe in individual rights, and that
to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. And where conservatives build societies that perpetuate the superiority and wealth of the ruling elite, liberals build societies that strive for a more equitable distribution of wealth and political power that gives every citizen the ability to make their own decisions and achieve their own success. And while liberals agree with libertarians in regards to individual rights, they differ from them in the idea of
individual sovereignty, which as liberals see it, is just a fancy term for anarchy.
Liberals also understand that, with all due respect to Jefferson, there is no such thing as an "inalienable right". Rights that are given or fought for can just as easily be taken or given away. They can only exist if we're willing to constantly fight for them, because others are constantly fighting to take them away.
If there's any one word that could describe liberal philosophy, it's
balance. Our Founding Fathers were liberals in that they created a balance of power in government in order to prevent too much power from falling into too few hands. Modern liberals take this a step further, using the power of government as a balance to the power of corporations and monied interests in greater society: the delicate balance between cooperation and competition, public institutions and private enterprise, the rights and needs of the individual and the needs of society as a whole.
Don't be fooled, by the way, by the comparison between liberals and communists: communism is conservative in the sense that they still have a ruling class: that is, the Communist Party. It's one of those examples of accomplishing the same thing using different means. And the difference between liberals and socialists is in how much the government controls the economy. Liberals believe in using the power of government to
regulate private enterprise, not
control it. A subtle distinction, perhaps, but an important one.
I don't want to give the impression that I think liberal societies are a utopian paradise. They are not. Even in the best days of the New Deal there was (and still is), racism, sexism, xenophobia, and an overemphasis on materialism. It was, no doubt, better than anything that came before, but it fell short of its goal, and as we're seeing now, it's very easy for free citizens to give up their rights, and for citizens of a free state to become subjects. As liberals, our struggle isn't against a particular individual or group, it's a struggle against the self-destructive nature of humankind. As Teddy Roosevelt said:
- At many stages in the advance of humanity, this conflict between the men who possess more than they have earned and the men who have earned more than they possess is the central condition of progress. In our day it appears as the struggle of free men to gain and hold the right of self-government as against the special interests, who twist the methods of free government into machinery for defeating the popular will. At every stage, and under all circumstances, the essence of the struggle is to equalize opportunity, destroy privilege, and give to the life and citizenship of every individual the highest possible value both to himself and to the commonwealth.
Sorry if this is longer than I expected, obviously the issues are more complex than I've made them out to be. I'm not the brightest bulb on the planet after all, I just call things as I see them. I want everyone to live a happy and prosperous life, and I want everyone else to want the same for me. It's sad that some people don't see it this way, that I somehow have to be punished for being who I am, but I recognize that that's just how it is. And I hope that this post at least lets people understand where I'm coming from. Now, get back to work!